How to be a good leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How to be a good leader - Essay Example Much of history is recorded through the lives of famous leaders. Names such as George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Clara Barton, Mahatma Gandhi, Golda Meir, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela symbolize major eras of social upheaval that have had immense repercussions. Most young people today aspire to become leaders in school, athletics, entertainment, politics, industry, the military, medicine, or some other area of endeavor (Howell, 2005). The stakes for the leaders of our future are rising rapidly and daily. The demands on the role in both public and private sector, the attention from the media to the problems we face, and the increased complexity of the world with globalization and galloping technology make leadership infinitely more difficult. The game has changed -- dramatically. Strange new rules have appeared. The deck has been shuffled and jokers added. Never before have American business, education, medicine, social welfare, and government faced so many challenges. There is a mood out there that must be termed dyspeptic -perhaps even murderous -- toward institutional leaders. It's part of the American paranoid style. But it has been exacerbated by scandals, media attention, and questions about character. Uncertainties and complexities abound. There are too many ironies, polarities, confusions, contradictions, and ambivalences for any organization to understand fully. The only truly predictable thing right now is unpredictability. Most of us grew up in organizations that were dominated by the thoughts and actions of the Fords, Taylors, and Webers, the fathers of the classic bureaucratic system. Bureaucracy was a splendid social invention in the nineteenth century, as the ideal mechanism for harnessing the manpower and resources of the Industrial Revolution. Today many organizations are reconsidering the macho, control-and-command mentality that is intrinsic to that increasingly threadbare model. They are looking to leadership that is empowering, that invites participation, that is flexible and responsive to the realities of life (McShane, & Glinow, 1999). As we begin, we must raise several cautions about leadership. First of all, leadership can be a heady experience. Learning about it, pursuing it, and encouraging it can take one on a dangerous power trip. If the purpose of leadership is, as we posit in this book, to take a stand for what one believes and to bring it forth into reality, then leaders must have a check on their ambition. In the leaders we admire, ambition is always balanced with competence and integrity. This three-legged stool upon which true leadership sits -- ambition, competence, and integrity -- must remain in balance if the leader is to be a constructive force in the organization rather than a destructive achiever of her or his own ends. Effective leaders continually ask questions, probing all levels of the organization for information, testing their own perceptions, and rechecking the facts. They talk to their constituents. They want to know what is working and what is not. They keep an open mind for serendipity to bring them the knowledge they

Philosophy - Plato Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Plato Essay 2. What is the role of philosophy for Socrates and why is it valuable in itself? Explain three argu- ments Socrates gives for the immortality of the soul. Briefly explain Cebes and Simmias’ coun- terarguments using examples from the text for support. Finally, based on your understanding of the Phaedo give your interpretation of the last words of Socrates and back it up by citing the text. In Plato’s The Last Days of Socrates, Phaedo gives an account of the last few hours of Socrates’ life, to Echecrates when he encounters him after Socrates’ death. In Phaedo’s telling of the story, we learn about why Philosophy was so important to Socrates, and why he spent his final hours explaining his arguments about the body and the soul, to his two friend Cebes and Simmias. Socrates presents four separate arguments as to how the soul lives separately from the body, the first being the theory of opposites, seconded by the theory of recollection, and followed by his theory of Affinity. After he presents his first three arguments, Simmias and Cebes interject with their opinions and counterarguments to Socrates’ first three, which is then when Socrates comes up with his fourth and final argument – Theory of the Forms. The last and final argument is one of the most important arguments that Socrates will make throughout the whole story. Phaedo ends his account to Echecrates by telling us of the final words of Socrates. Socrates was a well known Greek philosopher, known chiefly through the writings of his students, such as Plato who wrote the novel in which we are reflecting. Socrates did not write down any of his ideas or knowledge, but instead instilled it upon other people who took the re- sponsibility of writing it down for themselves. During Socrates’ final hours, we find out why Phi- losophy was so important to him. He argues that the soul is a separate entity from the body, and that we must separate the soul as far as possible from it. He relates this to death, by saying that death is this freeing and parting of the soul from the body. Socrates states, on page 100 line 67d exactly why Philosophy is important – â€Å"†¦those that go in for philosophy in the correct way who are always eager to set the soul free; what philosophers practice is exactly this, the freeing and parting of soul from body. † He believes that Philosophers live their lives being as close to death as possible, â€Å"those occupied correctly in philosophy really do practice dying, and death is less frightening for them than for anyone else (Plato 67a). † He states that if philosophers desire that one thing, separating the soul from the body, then they must always be close to death and to nev- er be afraid of it. Socrates presents his initial argument that â€Å"everything comes to be through opposite things coming to be from no other source than their own opposites (Plato 70e). † He believed that everything that exists, has an opposite and must have came from that opposite. He provided examples such as â€Å"the beautiful is presumably opposite to the ugly† or â€Å"when something comes to be bigger, it must be from being smaller before (Plato 70e). † In explaining this argument, he presents that between the two members of the pair, there are two-processes for the pair to come into being. In order for something to be big, it had to come from being small, it increased in size but it could go the opposite way and decrease in size as well. This argument relates to the soul and the body by saying that being alive has an opposite, which is being dead. In order for the op-posites argument to be logical, one must be able to come back from the dead and be alive, so it is from the dead that living things come to be alive. This leads us to believe that the soul is immor- tal, and existed before the body. Socrates sums up this argument by stating, â€Å"the living have come from the dead no less than the dead from the living; and I think it seemed to us that if this were the case, it would be sufficient proof that the souls of the dead must be somewhere from where they were to be born again (Plato 72a). † Following the argument about opposites, Socrates poses the question that if we are going to recollect something, we must have had knowledge about it at a previous point in time. This is then the second argument that Plato recounts in his telling of Socrates’ last hours. What he is pre- senting in this argument, is the fact that when we recognize something, it brings us back to think- ing about something else. So when we recognize this first object, it triggers our minds to remem- ber something that is associated with that object. Therefore, when we remember something we are recollecting back to a previous state or time or object. He argues that these recollections canat are unlike the items we have recollected. He sums this thought up by saying, â€Å"So long as, on seeing one thing, you come to have something else in mind, like or unlike, from seeing the first one. What occurs must be recollection (Plato 74d). † He doesn’t stop at this, but then goes on to explain that we had this knowledge before we even obtained our senses. When we were born, we obtained the ability to see, hear, and possess all of the other senses, but we had this knowledge before our senses, so therefore we had this knowledge before we were even born. This argument leads back to his original point that the soul exists outside of the body. â€Å"Whereas if we get our knowledge before we are born but lose it on being born, and then later through the use of our perceptions we get back those pieces of knowledge that we had at some previous time, what we call learning would be a matter of getting back knowledge that was ours anyway; and we’d be surely correct if we called that recollection (Plato 75e). † Socrates’ third argument before Cebes and Simmias provide their counterarguments is his theory of Affinity. This suggests that we must distinguish between things that are material, visi- ble, and perishable and things that are immaterial, invisible, and immortal. In this case, the body is the thing that is perishable, while the soul is immortal and lives on. While arguing this to Sim- mias and Cebes, Socrates states, â€Å"the soul is something that’s very like what’s divine, deathless, the object of intellect, uniform, undissolved, and always in exactly the same state as it ever was; while body in its turn is something very like what’s human, mortal, mindless, multiform, tending to dissolution, and never the same as it was before (Plato 80b). † This is yet another argument that proves his point that when the body dies, the soul still lives. He brings up the point in this argu- ment that the soul may wander, but eventually it is put into a different body or it will spend its time with the Gods. After his third argument, Simmias and Cebes finally interject and give their counterargu- ments to Socrates. Simmias is the first to present his counterargument, by comparing the topic of the soul existing after the death of the body, to the attunement of an instrument. He states, â€Å"The argument would go, there’d be no way that the lyre could continue to exist as it does, with the strings broken, or that the strings could, while the attunement, which is of the same nature and the same kin as the divine and deathless, had already perished, before the mortal (Plato 86a-c). † He is comparing the body to an instrument, and the soul to the attunement. When the instrument is no longer there, if it was completely broken or burned, there would no longer be a tune. The tune of one instrument does not just travel to a separate instrument when the original one is gone. Cebes then gives his counterargument, not agreeing with the one Simmias just made and not ful- ly agreeing with all of Socrates’ arguments. Cebes argument states that the soul does still live on after the body is dead, but that it is not entirely immortal. He then compares the body to a cloak and the soul to the body, stating â€Å"someone might say the very same things about soul and body as about the weaver and his cloak, that the soul is something long-lived, while the body is a weaker and shorter-lived thing, but all the same, he’d say, every single soul wears out many bod-ies, especially if it has a long life for if the body is in flux, and is perishing even while the per- son is alive, still the soul always weaves again whats being worn out. (Plato 87e). † This argu- ment he presents states that a soul can live through many bodies, as a person can go through many cloaks each as they wear out. He finishes his argument by stating that â€Å"there’s no justifica- tion yet for relying on this argument of yours, and it gives us no reassurance that when we die our soul still exists somewhere (Plato 88a). † Socrates final words at the end of Phaedo’s account were, â€Å"Crito, we owe a cock to As-clepius; pay our debt and no forgetting. † According to Greek myth, the cock symbolizes a peace offering to the god Asclepius in order to receive a cure. In this case, Socrates was getting ready to die. This could mean only two things to me, the first being that he was being cured of his life by dying and being closer than ever to the one thing that philosophers dedicate their time to, sep- arating his soul from his body and having that soul be free. The second interpretation I came up with is that he offered this cock to the god Asclepius to avoid any misfortune after he dies, while his soul is still living. All in all, Socrates had many deep and thought provoking arguments as to why the soul and the body are separate, and why the soul continues to live after the body has perished. Whether or not these arguments seemed logical, or were very believable, Socrates spent his whole life dedicated to the ideas of Philosophy, and he spent his final hours instilling his beliefs upon those who cared about him. Socrates died for what he believed in, and that’s what makes Phaedo’s account of his life so interesting. Works Cited: Plato, , and Christopher Rowe. The Last Day of Socrates. New York: Penguin Classics, 2010. 87-169. Print.

The Impact of the Iroquois Confederacy on the Creation of the United St

"One arrow is easily broken, but tied together, no man can break the bundle." -Peacemaker This philosophy was at the core of the powerful Iroquois League of Five Nations. The League of Five Nations, or Iroquois Confederacy as it is more commonly called, was a thriving and well-functioning form of government very similar to that of the United States Government. Hundreds of years before "civilized" man arrived in the New World -- historians think as early as 1400 A.D.-- the Iroquois had created a radically new and well-organized form of government unlike any other before it. This new form of government was the idea of two peaceful men named Hiawatha and Deganawida (McClard 47). Hiawatha and Deganawida realized that the five Iroquois tribes were constantly fighting with one another resulting in many innocent deaths and ongoing tribal wars. As a solution to the constant stream of violence between the Iroquois people, they proposed a union between the five tribes that would make the Iroquois nation as a whole stronger and more powerful, while uniting their "brothers" together in friendship. The Iroquois Confederacy was a lasting union between the five Iroquois tribes: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. This union of five Iroquois tribes would prove to have a great deal of impact on the founding fathers of the United States. The grounding principles of unity, freedom of the people, and democracy that defined the Iroquois Confederacy very much impressed certain men who were charged with designing the new government of the United States. By the time the Europeans arrived in America, the League was already hundreds of years old (McClard 75) and running just as smoothly as when Hiawatha and Deganawida created it so man... ...on, 1988. 2. Fradin, Dennis Brindell. Hiawatha: Messenger of Peace. New York, NY: Maxwell Macmillian International, 1992. 3. Graymont, Barbara. Indians of North America: The Iroquois. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 4. Malkus, Alida Sims. There Really was a Hiawatha. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap, 1963. 5. McClard, Megan and Ypsilantis, George. Hiawatha and the Iroquois League. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1989. 6. Phillips, Martin. The Constitutional Convention. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett Company, 1985. 7. Sneve, Virginia Driving Hawk. The Iroquois. New York, New York: Holiday House, 1995. 8. Yenne, Bill and Garratt, Susan. North American Indians. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books, Incorperated, 1984. 9. Zimmerman, Larry J. and Molyneaux, Brian Leigh. Native North America. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. The Impact of the Iroquois Confederacy on the Creation of the United St "One arrow is easily broken, but tied together, no man can break the bundle." -Peacemaker This philosophy was at the core of the powerful Iroquois League of Five Nations. The League of Five Nations, or Iroquois Confederacy as it is more commonly called, was a thriving and well-functioning form of government very similar to that of the United States Government. Hundreds of years before "civilized" man arrived in the New World -- historians think as early as 1400 A.D.-- the Iroquois had created a radically new and well-organized form of government unlike any other before it. This new form of government was the idea of two peaceful men named Hiawatha and Deganawida (McClard 47). Hiawatha and Deganawida realized that the five Iroquois tribes were constantly fighting with one another resulting in many innocent deaths and ongoing tribal wars. As a solution to the constant stream of violence between the Iroquois people, they proposed a union between the five tribes that would make the Iroquois nation as a whole stronger and more powerful, while uniting their "brothers" together in friendship. The Iroquois Confederacy was a lasting union between the five Iroquois tribes: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. This union of five Iroquois tribes would prove to have a great deal of impact on the founding fathers of the United States. The grounding principles of unity, freedom of the people, and democracy that defined the Iroquois Confederacy very much impressed certain men who were charged with designing the new government of the United States. By the time the Europeans arrived in America, the League was already hundreds of years old (McClard 75) and running just as smoothly as when Hiawatha and Deganawida created it so man... ...on, 1988. 2. Fradin, Dennis Brindell. Hiawatha: Messenger of Peace. New York, NY: Maxwell Macmillian International, 1992. 3. Graymont, Barbara. Indians of North America: The Iroquois. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 4. Malkus, Alida Sims. There Really was a Hiawatha. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap, 1963. 5. McClard, Megan and Ypsilantis, George. Hiawatha and the Iroquois League. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1989. 6. Phillips, Martin. The Constitutional Convention. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett Company, 1985. 7. Sneve, Virginia Driving Hawk. The Iroquois. New York, New York: Holiday House, 1995. 8. Yenne, Bill and Garratt, Susan. North American Indians. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books, Incorperated, 1984. 9. Zimmerman, Larry J. and Molyneaux, Brian Leigh. Native North America. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.

Cincinnati Subs Essay

Cincinnati Super Subs employee makeup is mostly young students in college and in high school; management has indicated that the chain has experienced â€Å"below average profitability over the past 18 months† (McShane & Von Glinow, 2013, p. 156). The below average profitability is linked to the increase of food wastage, management has taken steps to address the issue from reduction and elimination of food allowance accounts to the increased visual scrutiny given workers. The changes made by management were only successful for a few months, after the managers reduced their time in daily operations the amount of food wastage began to increase. To reduce food wastage management must have a presence in daily operations at the sub chain, create and enforce punishments for violations, set goals and create rewards for the reduction in food wastage. Indications of Problems at Cincinnati Super Subs ​Food wastage at Cincinnati Super Subs is a huge problem that has resulted in the reduction of monthly bonuses given to management. The staff at the chain complains about the amount or lack of food allowances given, this would prompt employees to â€Å"help themselves to food and drinks when the managers aren’t around† (McShane & Von Glinow, 2013, p. 156). The reduction in profitability over the past 18 months at stores has indicated the levels of food wastage have significantly impacted management employee relations and overall costs at the chain. The importance of reducing food wastage is not realized by non-management staff, they feel that the amount of food/drinks given away or eaten isn’t a significant amount of profits. Corrective actions taken against employees have reduced staff levels as some employees have quit and warned others about seeking employment at Cincinnati Super Subs. Management failed to accurately identify and corrects the causes of food wastage, and in the process caused employee dissatisfaction.

Blackrock Difference Essay Essay

The expectations, standards and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences. The play ‘Blackrock’ composed by Nick Enright thoroughly explores the impact that difference of gender has on individuals and groups. The composer examines the common social ideas of gender and the differences in expectations, standards and treatment of males and females by creating a focus on the reaction by people to the rape and murder of the young girl. This is similar to the cartoon on homosexuality composed by Ficher. Ficher also examines the common social ideas differences in expectations by creating a focus on the response by people towards homosexuals being open about their sexuality in society. Both texts explore the way society views a person’s difference. The expectations, standard and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences. The play â€Å"Blackrock† demonstrates how an individual’s gender forms the expectations others have on them. The typical expectation of girls is that they should be subservient and be used as an object. Cherie is an example of the rejection of these expectations. The behaviour Cherie portrays is different from other girls in the play as she interacts regularly with her female friends and portrays no interest in sexual behaviour. Cherie represents dignity and independence. As a result, she is exposed to isolation and abuse by others. This is demonstrated in the scene where Cherie protects Tracy’s reputation by saying to the boys â€Å"She was beautiful, you dickheads†. She is ridiculed by Scott, who in reply utilises slang in saying â€Å"Couple of lezzos are you? . The use of slang in â€Å"lezzos† reveals the aggressive response towards Cherie for protecting the reputation of the girl as well as abuse and isolation towards any person who breaks the conventional gender roles. The use of the word â€Å"lezzos† is a pejorative term used to ridicule females who have an interest in the same gender. In Cherie’s case, she is protecting a female and she is berated and ridiculed by Scott for protecting a female friend. The statement also reveals how Cherie is expected to be submissive to the boys. In Cherie’s circumstance, gender forms the expectations others have of her, and in breaching them she suffers isolation and abuse. In Enright’s â€Å"Blackrock† it is clear that an individual’s gender can form the way an individual is treated. In the play, gender connects the boys together and a mutual trust is formed. This mutual trust creates the belief that mates should protect and treat each other with respect. This however is different for the females. The boys portray a general disrespect towards the females in the play. They sexualise them and expect them to ‘give into’ there sexualisation. Once the female rejects to be submissive to their sexualisation, they are abused and isolated. This is portrayed through Scott who utilises dialogue in saying â€Å"you just pashed me off you slag†. The use of the word â€Å"slag† demonstrates the aggressive response Scott upholds towards females who refuse to be submissive. This statement also reveals the mistreatment females suffer as the word â€Å"slag† is used as an insulting term to describe females who engage in sex and in promiscuous behaviour. The males criticize the ones who reject their sexualisation as well. This is portrayed in the statement by Scott â€Å"I know enough†¦to show you a good time† . The slang in this statement suggests how forceful and berating Scott is towards females who reject to be submissive to his sexualisation. This demonstrates how despite the continuous rejection, Scott will continue to enforce his male dominance and mistreat the females. This mistreatment is continually related to gender and is evident throughout the play. Enright portrays the way difference determines how a person is treated. The cartoon composed by Ficher shows how an individual’s sexual status forms the expectations others have on them. The cartoon composed by Ficher demonstrates the difficulty faced by homosexuals who are trying to be open up about their sexuality. Society’s response to such beliefs and opinions are forceful and violent as they immediately reject and refuse to accept them. The composer utilizes symbolism to demonstrate the expectations formed by difference. The two figures on the left symbolise two major, powerful groups in society – law and religion. These figures represent society as a whole. The two figures on the right symbolise the homosexuals, the different group in society. The two powerful groups are forcefully sending the two homosexuals back to the ‘metaphorical closet’ as the closet is used as a symbol to represent a person being open up about their sexuality. The expectation’s formed by society to the homosexuals is that they should not be open about their sexuality and that they should keep their sexuality hidden from society. Fischer makes it portray the way difference decides how society forms expectations people have on them. The expectations formed on the two homosexuals are similar to the expectations formed on Cherrie in the play. The two homosexuals are expected and forced to keep quiet about their sexuality. They are also expected to be submissive to society. Similarly, Cherrie is expected and forced to be submissive to the boys. Both characters represent society’s mistreatment of people who are different. This portrays how the expectations and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences. In â€Å"Blackrock†, the view of what is acceptable behaviour for each gender is demonstrated throughout the entire play. A double-standard is strongly reflected through the characters gender difference. In the play, allowing males to have sexual intercourse with females whenever possible is acceptable. Ricko demonstrates this at the party by utilising dialogue in saying â€Å"the mobs hot†¦go for it†. The use of dialogue reveals the peer-pressure encouragement element in the statement. The statement also reveals how they encourage each other and try to pick up different girls in different settings such as the party. This also portrays how openly sexual males are accepted and their behaviour and attitudes are encouraged. In contrast, openly sexual girls are disrespected, abused and labelled as ‘slag’ and ‘slut;.. This is portrayed by Scott, who utilises slang in saying â€Å"She’s been through Ricko already. Now its Gary. Now she’s a fucken band moll†. This reveals how girls who are openly sexual are disrespected and verbally abused. This shows Scott’s aggressive response towards females who are openly sexual. The word â€Å"moll† is an insulting term used to describe woman with openly sexual morals and is used to describe females in the play. This statement also reveals the non-acceptant views on females with openly sexual morals. These statements both portray a clear double-standard as the males in the play are allowed to be openly and freely sexual where the females are berated and abused if they are openly sexual. Enright portrays how gender difference reflects a double standard through showing what acceptable and non-acceptable behaviour for each gender is. In conclusion, expectations, standards and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences. The play ‘Blackrock’ composed by Nick Enright explores the impact that difference of gender has on individuals and groups. Enright examines this through the common social ideas of gender and the differences in expectations, standards and treatment of males and females by creating a focus on the reaction by people to the rape and murder of the young girl. This is similar to the cartoon on homosexuality composed by Ficher. Ficher also examines the common social ideas differences in expectations by creating a focus on the response by people towards homosexuals being open about their sexuality in society. The expectations, standards and treatment an individual receives are affected by their differences.

Societys Hazards essays

Society's Hazards essays Societys Hazards Why is it that we wish for better times? Do you remember your parents saying, Back in the good ol days...? Have you caught yourself saying, Man, I remember when...? The truth is that we all have asked this of ourselves. Todays society is stressful and dangerous. Children are forced to learn faster, they are pushed to succeed, and taught they are survival of the fittest. Adults are stressed because they didnt get there bonus, promotion, or there home situation is deteriorating. In todays racing society, elementary students are being taught things we didnt learn until junior high. I remember my psychology professor telling us a story about his english teacher in seventh grade and what assignments they had to do. We laughed and told him that we did those type of assignments in fourth grade. His response was, Really? Geesh! Teenagers are told school is most important. The importance is stressed so much that when they get unacceptable grades, they sometimes cant cope with the stress. Teenage suicides have sky rocketed because they see themselves as failures and useless. They are taught to be the best in all situations, whether it be academics, popularity, or wealth. As we move towards a less religiuos society, morals have left. The children have been taught evolution and have reduced humanity to a pile of goo. Life is an accident and holds no meaning. As we have seen, kids are become less troubled by taking another Adults, also, have a problem with this exhausting society. We, as a society, are very materialistic. Material things are not necessarily bad, but when they become our goal there is never enough. We strive for that next promotion, that better car, that bigger house. When we dont reach these goals, we see ourselves as failures. The result is we ...

Gov Intervention essays

Gov Intervention essays The information economy has resulted in a reduction in the barriers to entry, more competitive markets and less need for government intervention Discuss. The Information Economy, Primarily Information Technology and the Telecommunications have seen a dichotomous effect in relation to barriers to entry and government intervention. In relation to specifically these two industries in Australia and abroad, the Information Technology sector is to some degree an Oligopolist market. However foremost to many, Microsoft Corporation has eclipsed the industry into a Monopoly over software in the information Technology sector. In the Telecommunications Industry in Australia, the economic sector has seen for initially the deregulation of Telstra, into two-thirds privatisation with the public float. From then the telecommunications industry in Australia has seen for less government intervention with the barriers to entry reduced and many new companies being attracted to the positive profits in this multi billion-dollar industry. Therefore this conclusion is dichotomous in nature because in the Information Technology industry there are extremely h igh barriers to entry and more need for government intervention. However on the other hand, the telecommunications industry in Australia has seen for a reduction in barriers to entry as a result of government deregulation and intervention. Arguably, there has been no reduction in barriers to entry in the Information Technology sector. The primary justification for this can be seen in the definition of Barriers to entry: the disadvantages that entrants face relative to incumbents (Yip 1982:17). The precursor in the Information technology industry, Microsoft has been able to manipulate the market in such a way that these disadvantages far outweigh real gains or profits. To understand this from an economic perspective one must realise the explanation of costs. Fixed costs do no...

Educational vs. Educative

Educational vs. Educative Educational vs. Educative Educational vs. Educative By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Is there any difference between the adjectives educational and educative? I’m beginning to see the latter in contexts where I’d expect the former. My first response to the question was that educative is simply a less familiar word for educational. Both the OED and Merriam-Webster indicate that this is so: OED educational adjective: 1. Of or relating to the provision of education; educational. 2. Serving or intended to educate or enlighten; educational. M-W educational adjective: 1. having to do with education; educational. 2. tending to educate; instructive. However, when I explored uses of educative on the Web, I began to sense that the word might have acquired a meaning other than educational. Here are some examples: A Values-Engaged, Educative Approach for Evaluating Education Programs An Educative Approach to Behavior Problems: A Practical Decision Model for Interventions With Severely Handicapped Learners   A humanistic-educative approach to evaluation in nursing education A textbook publisher explains its use of educative this way: Curriculum materials for Grades K–12 that are intended to promote teacher learning in addition to student learning have come to be called  educative curriculum materials. Although my Oxford Thesaurus gives instructive and educational as synonyms of informative, the writer of an academic paper with the title â€Å"Can and Should Educational Research be Educative?† offers to prove that â€Å"research cannot be educative, only informative.† In some contexts, educative is paired with holistic or pragmatic, as in this chapter title: Ethics and ethical theory in educative leadership: A pragmatic and holistic approach. The effect of pairing educative with pragmatic or holistic is to suggest that educative is â€Å"practical and wide-ranging†- as opposed to educational, which implies â€Å"theoretical, impractical, and narrow.† As far as I can make out, the use of educative is closely tied to what educators now refer to as â€Å"action research.† Back in my days as a classroom teacher, when large numbers of my students failed a test, I would analyze their papers and revise my lessons in an effort to get better results next time. That, apparently, was a form of â€Å"action research.† What I learned by examining my unsuccessful practice for the purpose of improving my methods was educative, as opposed to merely educational or informative. I conclude that the new meaning of educative is â€Å"of educational value to the person or persons doing a systematic study of their work methods with the intention of getting better results.† Both Google and Word view the word educative with suspicion, sometimes underlining it in red or green. When your intended meaning is instructive or â€Å"relating to education,† go with educational. Leave educative to speakers of Educationese. Here are some synonyms of educational as in â€Å"an educational experience†: instructive, informative illuminating enlightening edifying Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Hang, Hung, Hanged20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

Social Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Development - Essay Example Market forces usually depend on the political goodwill and social integration for its growth. From scholarly view, cultural change in the society owes its root from globalization. Fabrication of societal norms to meet human needs has led to growth in many areas of human life. It is significant to note that integration of modern of modern technology has transformed human life. Globalization has led to development of uniform policies in global markets. Development of uniform policies influences political and social life of the society. For examples, policies that define trade between two countries influence social conditions in those countries. When policies are uniform, people are able to exchange ideas, technology, and social policies, which would in turn influence social growth.   Trade and international policies are inseparable. Identification of common need in the society has led to transformation of the society from a low-income society to high-income society. The adoption of K eynesian theories of management in financial management has influenced the financial patterns adopted by many banks and financial institutions. According to Amoore (2005:58), Global financial system favored financial interest over government planning or productive manufacturing. Thus, it opened ways for accessing credit facilities. Acquisition of financial assistance influences the economic development of a state. The power to initiate social development lies on the ability of a state to acquire financial assistance when necessary.

Post operative pain assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post operative pain assessment - Essay Example The scale of the problem can be analyzed through a large number of clinical studies which have proved that patients often experience poor pain management and assessment by the medical professionals. Although the percentage of patients who complain about post-operative pain is low but the overall situation presents significant concerns. In the recent years medical professionals have tried to use technology based pain assessment techniques but the results do not show any significant improvement from patient’s perspective (Mackintosh). The paper is divided in different sections including tools, communication, training, patient education and recommendations. All of these will be discussed critically with the help of contemporary healthcare practices. There is a wide range of standardized post-operative pain assessment tools which are used by nurses. These can be distinguished in to two fundamental categories including uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional. Research indicates that multi-dimensional tools are rarely used in the post-operative pain assessment especially within the clinical setting. This is because they consume significant time while being highly complex in nature. Hence the most commonly used tools for pain management and assessment are uni-dimensional. The distinctive feature of these tools is that they focus on one or two major aspects of pain experienced by patients, for instance, they are usually used for reducing the pain intensity with respect to its location (Mackintosh). Fundamentally patients are required to mark the pain location on a body diagram which is then used by nurses. Despite of various benefits attached to the use of uni-dimensional pain assessment tools one must use them with precautions because they are specially targeted to reduce certain aspects of pain. Extensive precautions are also necessary because uni-dimensional

Ancient Chinese Contributions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ancient Chinese Contributions - Essay Example China is the motherhood of various objects that have become an integral part of every house and office. The inventions suggested by ancient China concern every sphere of human life. They are created to make human life more interesting and convenient. Each of the above-mentioned inventions is very significant and useful for the whole world. Moreover, each of them has an interesting and unique history that is worth paying attention to. Every person saw or played with a kite at least once in his/her life. The first kites were applied by Chinese people. It happened approximately two thousand and eight hundred years ago. It is known that this object was created by Chinese philosophers – Mozi and Lu Ban (Backus 2002). It happened in the fifth century BC. However, the usage of kites was not the same as today. They were applied as a message for a rescue mission. Sometimes kites were used by Chinese people for various purposes – measuring distances, signalling, military communic ation, testing the wind and lifting people. Today people resort to the use of compass in order not to be lost at the forest or in any other unknown place. It is a good device to use in order to find out the right direction. However, today a few people know about the initial role of compass. It was created by Chinese people in order to fulfil various religious purposes. ... In fact, it is the father of modern calculators. Before the invention of abacus people had to use fingers and hands. It was not very convenient. So, China gave the world a better way to count various things. This invention appeared about 3000 B.C. (Challen 2005). This device consisted of beads and wood. It was not very difficult to carry or hold abacus. It is applied even today, when there are computers and calculators at all offices. However, it is still rather convenient to use abacus, because it helps to keep track of numbers.

Socio-Technical Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socio-Technical Systems - Essay Example Throughout the various stages involved in this case study, its success was highly shaped by the organization’s social system. Before the E-File system was adopted by the company, its workers were frustrated with the level of service they received. The workers termed this as â€Å"deteriorating service† as their issues were not addressed in time. Those that were injured at work had to wait for a long period of time for their claims to be processed, a process that was greatly tiring and time consuming. This meant that the level of relationship between the workers and the organization’s administration was strained. However, the adoption of the new technological system was a breath of fresh air to all. The E-File system was swift and convenient. The workers claims could now be processed in a timely manner. This helped in saving time for both the workers and the management, a time that could now be used in carrying out other organizational activities (Golden-Biddle, 2 ). According to Golden-Biddle (2), human beings organize themselves into the different kinds of social groupings they interact with in everyday situations. In this case, the workplace can be considered as a social grouping in which the company workers associate with everyday. When carrying out the transition from the paper based work processes into the more technical E-File system, the company’s social system played a vital role in shaping its final outcome (Parker, 6). As such, the company’s staff was in a position to consult amongst one another on how the new system worked. Though much of the staff was already highly skilled on the new tasks at hand, those that did not understand the technical aspect of the new system were in a position to learn from those that already had more knowledge and expertise in the system. This ensured that no worker was left behind in the evolution from the paper based process into the new paperless system. At the same time, the workers we re in a position to learn how the system worked from a much better perspective when taught by their co-workers than from the technical experts. The insurance management understood that it would highly depend on the ability and willingness of its employees to develop new work practices and skills in order for this new project to take effect. This meant that the organization had to find ways through which any interference or hindrance to these changes could be eliminated (Stebbins & Shani, 17). As such, the company devised new ways through which they could appeal to the employees socially and dampen whatever fears they had in regards to the project. In order to achieve this, the company recognized the need for reassure its workers that they would not be affected by the technological changes. To this effect, the insurance company negotiated a provision within the collective employment agreement and a wage protection for its entire staff that would be affected by the technological chang e within the organization (Parker, 5). In this case, the technical system interacted perfectly with the social system in shaping the outcome of this new project. After the implementation of these new provisions, more workers embraced the new system. This is because they felt that their social surroundings were safe and were not on the verge of collapsing (Stebbins & Shani, 28). This new agreement demonstrated that the employees would be given the support and time that they would require to learn how the new syste

Book review, Movie Made America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book review, Movie Made America - Essay Example A number of movie producers and directors moved to Hollywood to ensure the industry stays put. The golden age began with an end to the silent era. Diverse genres emerged that involved â€Å"western, slapstick comedy, film noir, musical, animated cartoon, biopic and newsreels†. Motion pictures flourished and the movie industry became a good business to venture. A number of marvelous cinema works emerged, because movie producers and directors developed too many movies with expectations of getting the best amongst the many. The merger between ideology and technology classified the new Hollywood that was accountable for the 1980s approach of synergy as cable companies flourished and the use of video emerged (Sklar 115). In terms of financing early filmmakers faced difficult times in ensuring film, production was of good quality and presentable. Filmmakers ended producing many movies so that they could benefit from the few that succeeded. Additionally, theatres showed movies at che aper prices so that filmmakers could get something from their work. Actors were not paid much because the industry was not doing well financially. Financial problems were also induced by the presence of censorship from the government. Censorship was established to ensure public apprehension about the quality; propriety, decency and taste of films produced were of the required standards. Religious groups and other powerful authorities also requested for censorship in motion pictures to ensure morals of the society were respected and adhered. Therefore, filmmakers were forced to ensure their film work passed through censorship so that they could get authority to sale and distribute their work (Sklar 116). Politics engulfed the film industry in 1947, citing that filmmakers were using propaganda in their films. Walt Disney and Ronald Reagan were among the first Hollywood professionals with court cases. A committee was thus established to disapprove the government interference in the ind ustry. Communism was the main subject of the court hearings and filmmakers tried to defend themselves in all manners possible. Additionally, the developed committee assisted in ensuring government interference in the film industry was limited for future purposes (Sklar 117). Changes in the movie industry in America can be tracked by checking the quality and the content contained in the early movies to date. For instance, after the Word war two filmmakers concentrated more in providing content related to war experiences and hardships. Most of the actors were involved in the war therefore; they came with new experiences and emotions after the war. Additionally, technological development can be seen through movies, from silent movies, to motion pictures to cartoons and animations to 3D pictures. Moreover, the quality of the pictures taken has changed overtime. Therefore, by only focusing on the movies from yester years one can see the history and culture of Americans clearly (Sklar 118 ). Through the movie industry, we learn that America is a versatile nation accommodating everyone through the movie industry. In addition, America as a nation likes changes, thus through the movies we can see the many changes that have taken place in people’s lives. At the beginning, pinhole cameras were used to project moving images on a screen. At the time, recording of images for later viewing was impossible. In 1830s, moving

Socio-Technical Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socio-Technical Systems - Essay Example Throughout the various stages involved in this case study, its success was highly shaped by the organization’s social system. Before the E-File system was adopted by the company, its workers were frustrated with the level of service they received. The workers termed this as â€Å"deteriorating service† as their issues were not addressed in time. Those that were injured at work had to wait for a long period of time for their claims to be processed, a process that was greatly tiring and time consuming. This meant that the level of relationship between the workers and the organization’s administration was strained. However, the adoption of the new technological system was a breath of fresh air to all. The E-File system was swift and convenient. The workers claims could now be processed in a timely manner. This helped in saving time for both the workers and the management, a time that could now be used in carrying out other organizational activities (Golden-Biddle, 2 ). According to Golden-Biddle (2), human beings organize themselves into the different kinds of social groupings they interact with in everyday situations. In this case, the workplace can be considered as a social grouping in which the company workers associate with everyday. When carrying out the transition from the paper based work processes into the more technical E-File system, the company’s social system played a vital role in shaping its final outcome (Parker, 6). As such, the company’s staff was in a position to consult amongst one another on how the new system worked. Though much of the staff was already highly skilled on the new tasks at hand, those that did not understand the technical aspect of the new system were in a position to learn from those that already had more knowledge and expertise in the system. This ensured that no worker was left behind in the evolution from the paper based process into the new paperless system. At the same time, the workers we re in a position to learn how the system worked from a much better perspective when taught by their co-workers than from the technical experts. The insurance management understood that it would highly depend on the ability and willingness of its employees to develop new work practices and skills in order for this new project to take effect. This meant that the organization had to find ways through which any interference or hindrance to these changes could be eliminated (Stebbins & Shani, 17). As such, the company devised new ways through which they could appeal to the employees socially and dampen whatever fears they had in regards to the project. In order to achieve this, the company recognized the need for reassure its workers that they would not be affected by the technological changes. To this effect, the insurance company negotiated a provision within the collective employment agreement and a wage protection for its entire staff that would be affected by the technological chang e within the organization (Parker, 5). In this case, the technical system interacted perfectly with the social system in shaping the outcome of this new project. After the implementation of these new provisions, more workers embraced the new system. This is because they felt that their social surroundings were safe and were not on the verge of collapsing (Stebbins & Shani, 28). This new agreement demonstrated that the employees would be given the support and time that they would require to learn how the new syste

Opening a Mr. Goodscents in Finland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Opening a Mr. Goodscents in Finland - Essay Example Mr. Good cents are franchisee who always considers to holdup the concept values of trust, integrity and respect. The Good cents registered establishment is represented by an icon figure developed from a penny. In 1909 the US government had introduced this one cent coin featuring with the 16th president Abraham Lincoln. The coin had got more popularity and was highly circulated. The popularity of the penny may vanish when time passes. Since Mr. Good cents have considered this penny as their logo they can enjoy its traditional value for a very long time. The muscle power observed in the hands and legs of Good cents icons resemble the strength and ability of experienced hardships. This is the symbols of dedicated hard work in an individual’s life span. The icon’s smiling face expresses pride, enjoyment and excitement that he has been experiencing by serving his customers. The icon also indicates satisfaction in providing high quality healthy products to the community. Mr. Good cents subs and pastas restaurants and franchisee are committed to keep up the above-mentioned traditions since its establishment. Their establishment in Finland has influenced the country’s culture and lifestyle to a great deal. The people of Finland are the admirers of Good cents products. Their masterpiece munue have too much popularity among them. Usually their masterpiece items are 18 varieties of sub sandwiches prepared from fresh deli meats. They are the master servers of delicious desserts, salads, soups and pastas which are considered as highly nutritious healthy dishes. Let us have a look at some of their famous dishes. Subs/Sandwiches are considered as one of the prominent and famous menu from Good cents subs and pastas. This is a delicious menu of bread slices which are furnished by meat and cheese. Another famous dish is Pasta. This is a preparation of sauce and meat

Analyzing Dickinson’s Poetry Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Dickinson’s Poetry Essay To analyze Dickinson’s poetry, this paper will involve the analysis of three of her works, `Safe in their Alabaster Chambers†, â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died†, and â€Å"The Brain-is wider than the Sky†. 1. The poems were written in the first person. Since most of her poems tackled the depressing situation of death, the speaker of the poem can in fact be a dead person. However, it seemed that ED may also be assuming an all-observing, all-seeing speaker like God. In the Brain-is wider than the sky, it even seemed that God was in fact the speaker since â€Å"the weight of God† was compared to the â€Å"brain†.   As for the poem’s audiences, it may be that the literary works were directed towards the ‘living’ – people who are not safe within alabaster chambers and who have not heard the buzzing fly as they lay on their deathbeds. 2. In the â€Å"The Brain – is wider than the sky†, there is really no definite setting, it can be likened to any moment of rationalization. In â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died†, the setting was in a deathbed while it was perhaps in the cemetery for the poem â€Å"Safe in the alabaster chambers†. The situation was related to dying. It may be that the speaker is already dead, or nearing his death. Nonetheless, the action in the poems remains the same – surrendering to the abyss. 3. Most of the poems had their verbs in the present tense, and in the indicative mood. The style may be to emphasize that the speaker is actually experiencing whatever situation is being imparted in the poems. Such style makes the poems more contemporary and typical, and thus engaging to read and easier to relate to despite the fact that they were written centuries ago. The syntax may also indicate that the poems will be eternal since the action involved is always presented as a current situation. 4. In her poems, Dickinson uses two formal patterns alternatively- tetrameter and trimeter. In every stanza, the first and third lines always have four stresses while there are only three stresses in the second and fourth lines. The rhyme schemes come in the ABCB form. 5. Dickinson uses the slant rhyme in the second and fourth lines of the first two or three stanzas to provide a sense of association and form. In the last stanza however, she then uses a true rhyme also in the last words of the second and fourth stanzas to emphasize conclusions to the proposed action. 6. In â€Å"The Brain is deeper than the sky†, the phrases â€Å"The brain is† and â€Å"The one the other will† were repeated thrice and twice, respectively, to give both indicative and comparative effects. The repetition emphasizes the subject of the poem â€Å"the brain† and stresses its association with other elements – the sea, the sky, and the weight of God. 7. To extensively describe the subjects of her poems, Dickinson The poem contained metaphors and personifications to describe her chosen subjects. In one poem, she likened a fly to death perhaps to stress out the repugnance of not being able to experience the simple joys of living. It is also important to note that she always compared the poem’s settings to universally recognizable elements of nature. For example, she likened the stillness of being dead to â€Å"heaves of storm†. 8. The effectiveness of Dickinson’s poems in relaying thematic obsessions may rely on the fact that she uses a mixture of images to convey the setting of her works. In `Safe in their Alabaster Chambers†, Dickinson describes the situation of the dead through their inability to be â€Å"touched by morning†, feel the sunshine, and hear the birds and the bees. She also totally equates death to â€Å"soundlessness†, darkness, and numbness. The same image associations can also be observed in â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died†. However, in contrast to the first poem, the latter’s scenario of soundlessness exempted the buzzing of the fly.   In â€Å"The Brain-is wider than the Sky†, visual comparisons were made with the brain and major elements of nature. 9. In most of the poems, the speaker just describes poem subjects in relation to what she sees, feels, or hears. In the process, she narrates her observations and seemingly creates an underlying story for her works. In these stories, the climactic moment is death and the resolution is one’s total submission to the darkness and numbness of losing her life. 10. Dickinson’s poems are mostly playfully dreadful as they deal with death in relation to bees, sunshine, and castles. Death was portrayed as a very awful situation of being deprived of the small things which make living simply a pleasant experience. Although not portrayed as something gruesome, the description of a death as a natural and inevitable experience adds dread to poem’s tone.

Discourse Analysis Of Different Activities English Language Essay

Discourse Analysis Of Different Activities English Language Essay Discourse analysis incorporates a number of different activities, and merging them all together is too ambitious. However, the natural nature of discourse analysis seems to be agreed upon by the scholars involved in the field. Stubbs (1983) summarizes the realm of discourse analysis like this: The term Discourse Analysis is very ambiguous. I will use it to refer mainly to mean the linguistic analysis of naturally occurring connoted spoken and written discourse. Roughly speaking, it refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. (Stubbs, 1983: 1) Discourse analysts seem to be interested in analyzing any kind of spoken and written discourse, and there are various distinct analytic patterns that can be applied to both types of discourse. This paper attempts to emphasize on some discourse analytic patterns applied by researchers in the field of learner written discourse analysis. Learner discourse is an invaluable resource that can be used, exploited, and analyzed by interested researchers in an attempt to clarify, classify, and describe the way learners use the language. Learner written discourse and texts often offer a rich resource for a learners language development. They can be used for diagnosis and evaluation, language awareness raising, and classroom use. In fact, theres a good case for learners texts being the best resources for a focus on language and they are closer to the developmental stage that other learners are going through (their interlanguage).When learners see their own used as classroom learning material, th ey become more motivated and as Scott Thornbury (2005) mentions: serves to break down the distinction between language learner and language user. In describing learner language, learner discourse can be dealt with via four major approaches identified by Ellis (1994: 44) including the study of learners errors. The focus of this paper is to try to study learners errors on some semantic and syntactic areas of discourse analysis naming grammatical and lexical cohesions, coherence (theme and rheme), ellipsis, reference, collocation, and nominalization. While focusing mainly on analyzing written texts for posterior classroom application, all the samples discussed seek to relate analysis of specific written texts to social and cultural contexts in which such texts are written and read. In our examples, we tend to demonstrate the approach of analyzing learners written assignments dealing with the issue of using and learning Arabic by foreigners in the United Arab Emirate to investigate the particular discourse methods used in the similar texts. In an attempt to relate discourse analysis with corpus linguistics, the researcher later su ggests that the use of concordancing in the teach ­ing and designing of written discourse in language classrooms is encouraging and worthwhile and presents samples of exploited concordances to highlight collocations. It des ­cri ­bes a possible way of having students approach discourse analysis tasks in an inductive and learner-centered manner. In this paper, there is an emphasis on the relationship between the linguistic features of the written texts and the UAE society in which they are produced. Written Discourse Written discourse incorporates communication by exploitation of textual material. It can be outlined in numerous modes. McCarthy defines, discourse analysis as the study of the relationship between language and the context in which it is used (McCarthy 1991:5). Written discourse does not have to deal with people speaking all simultaneously or even with spontaneous interruptions. McCarthy (1991:6) states that in written discourse the writer normally has time to prepare the text. He also mentions that in written discourse, the sentences are usually well formed in a way that the utterances of natural spontaneous talk are not. Learner Discourse Merely testing learners on their aptitude to write, or complete, isolated sentences is clearly inadequate if their overall ability to communicate at the level of discourse is a goal. However, even when whole texts are exploited for assessment or diagnosis, there is an affinity for many teachers not to be able to observe beyond their surface grammar errors, or to appreciate their strengths irrespective of their weaknesses. To guarantee a more efficient, more extensive, and more reasonable judgment, more comprehensive criteria for assessing texts are needed. Ellis (1994: 44) identified four major approaches in describing learner language: the study of learners errors the study of developmental patterns the study of variability the study of pragmatic features In our attempt to analyze learners text, the researcher tries to bear in mind the above-mentioned considerations. Patterns of Text Analysis Written texts can be analyzed using various patterns and methods. However, in our paper we tend to analyze texts dealing with the following aspects: Grammatical cohesion including reference (cataphoric, anaphoric, exaphoric, and endophoric cohesive devices), ellipsis, substitution, nominalization, and conjuncts; Lexical cohesion including reiteration, superordinate, repetition, and collocation. We now try to shed some light on the application of each of the abovementioned aspects. Cohesion Cohesion is the way a text is held together and has meaning (Holland and Lewis 2001:53), and the way unrelated structural elements are linked together, through the dependence of one on the other for its interpretation (Halliday and Hasan 1976:27 in Holland and Lewis 2001:55). Cohesive links can work within the text, endophorically, or outside the text, exophorically (Holland and Lewis 2001:53). Within the text they may be anaphoric when they refer to something that has already been mentioned, or cataphoric when they look to something that is yet to be mentioned (Holland and Lewis 2001:53). Halliday and Hasan propose grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion, each with their own sub classifications, as the two categories of cohesion (1976 in Holland and Lewis 2001:55). Written texts can be analyzed by detecting the grammatical connections between individual clauses and sentences of the text known in linguistics as grammatical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion is what meshes the text toge ther. Renkema defines cohesion as the phenomenon of connectedness of sentences or utterances in discourse (Renkema, 2004). Cohesion in text conveys meaning to the reader. Grammatical Cohesion Cohesion in a text, as mentioned earlier, can be established in two ways; grammatical and lexical cohesion. We shall begin by looking at grammatical cohesion. Halliday and Hasan are pioneers in the study of grammatical cohesion. They mention that there are cohesive relationships between the sentences in a text and these relationships create texture. Texture distinguishes a text from something, which is not a text. McCarthy (1991:34) defines grammatical cohesion as the surface marking of semantic links between clasuses and sentenses in written discourse, and between utterances and turns in speech. Halliday and Hasan consider grammatical cohesion through reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunctions. Reference is further subdivided into the categories of personal, such as pronouns (e.g. he, she, it, him, they, etc.), demonstratives (this, that, these, those), the article the, and items like such a (Halliday and Hasan 1976: 37-9) and comparatives (Holland and Lewis 2001:57-8). All three forms of referential cohesion can work either endophorically or exophorically (Holland and Lewis 2001:57-8). Substitution, usually working anaphorically, replaces a reference with a dummy object, while ellipses are of a similar nature, except the missing reference is replaced by nothing (Holland and Lewis 2001:58). Ellipsis is when expected elements of the text are omitted because they have already been mentioned formerly in the text or that they are spontaneously inferred. The last category of cohesion is conjunctions which operate through grammatical relationships between clauses or propos itions, and are subdivided into the categories of additive, adversative, causal, and temporal (Halliday and Hasan 1976 in Holland and Lewis 2001:60). Lexical Cohesion Halliday and Hasan consider lexical cohesion through reiteration and collocation (Angermeyer 2002:365). Reiteration could include the re-mentioning of an item using the original noun phrase, a synonym, a near-synonym, a superordinate expression, or a general word (Halliday and Hasan 1976 in Holland and Lewis 2001:63). Following such reiterations we can possibly create a lexical chain in a text. With regards to collocation, Halliday and Hasan note that it is a problematical category of lexical cohesion, (1976 in Angermeyer 2002:365), and Hasan later rejects collocation as a lexically cohesive category (1984 in Angermeyer 2002:365). Similarly, Hoey considers the various forms of repetition as the key aspect of lexical cohesion (1991 in Angermeyer 2002:365). Corpus Analysis Corpus means a body, and corpus analysis thus refers to the analysis of a body of language data. A corpus can be small (for example one newspaper article or letter) or large (several million words of naturally occurring spoken or written language). Linguistically speaking, corpus is any collection of natural language examples. It is a collection written and/or spoken examples of the usage of a language, employed in linguistic analysis. Presently, corpus analysis employs computer applications, called concordancers, in the analytic procedure. The computer applications designed for this type of analysis include concordance programs that can, for instance, recognize specific words selected by the researcher and demonstrate how frequently these words are used in discourse. Analyses of large corpora of spoken and written English have revealed the frequency and co-occurrence of many different lexical and grammatical items. This co-occurrence is called collocation. These analyses have been c apable of illustrating enormously facts about language that could hardly be inferred intuitively. For the purpose of this paper we tend to rely mostly on two major corpora naming the Collins WordbanksOnline English corpus sampler which is composed of 56 million words of contemporary written and spoken text as well as Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English which is a structured collection of language data of English as a Lingua Franca.

Time management Essay -- essays research papers

Time Management for College Students We all know the sound that is very familiar to us: tick, tick, tick. No, it’s not the sound of our favorite movie coming on; It’s time moving on. College students often find that time is the hardest goal to conquer. Time isn’t really a goal. Finding time to complete all of our task is a goal. As a student there are some basic principals of time management that you can apply. Identify the best time for studying. Everyone has high and low periods of attention and concentration. Are you a morning person or a night person? Use your power times for studying, especially if you have children. Use your down times for cleaning, laundry, and running errands. If you have a job like most of us do, make a slot in your day for studying. Study difficult ...

Memo: Understanding the Telecommunications Revolution Essay

We are developing a product that would revolutionize the way we use telecommunications. Picture a cell phone that uses 3d graphics to communicate with someone by simply clicking on the video- camera-function that is found on all smartphones. This cell phone will transform simple phone usage to virtual encounters that will enhance our current and future customer’s lives. The plan is to have this android smartphone be available to the consumer market as of 2015. In order for this to happen we, first, will have to look at the quality cost of this product. Quality cost will play an important factor in making this phone successful. There are a total of three quality costs that we must address for this product. The costs include appraisal, failure, and prevention. Prevention cost assist with checking products for failures. Prevention Costs The first category of costs is prevention costs. These are the costs that a company incurs to ensure that product failures of varius kinds do not occur either during the production process or when in the hands of a customer. These costs can also be incurred to ensure that there are fewer process-related failures. These are discretionary costs, for a company’s management may choose not to expend any funds on prevention activities (though there will be an offsetting increase in failure costs). Examples of prevention costs are as follows: Administration of quality-related activities – Some staff time is required to plan for and administer quality-related prevention activities. The cost of this labor should be supplemented by the cost of related benefits and payroll taxes. Education – Avery significant expense is the preparation of training materials, the cost of trainers and training facilities, and (the largest expense of all) the labor cost of all employees attending the training. This is a key prevention activity, and will be one of the largest costs in the prevention category. New product trial costs – For those organizations releasing new products, having customers test product designs is a central method for ensuring a high quality of design. Accordingly, the costs of products given to customers and survey administration can be clustered into this subcategory. Preventive maintenance – Ensuring that machinery is capable of running when needed is a key prevention activity. This includes the costs of maintenance personnel engaged in preventive maintenance, as well as any related materials and administrative costs. Preventive maintenance scheduling software – The just-noted preventive maintenance activities can be more easily accomplished if there is maintenance software available that tracks the last time such maintenance was conducted and how heavily a machine has been used since that time, and that schedules additional maintenance based on those two factors. Procedure and instruction development – A major prevention activity is the creation of machine operation instructions and other procedures that give employees complete information about how to conduct their jobs. With this information in hand, there is much less chance that any steps in the production process will be mishandled, resulting in quality problems. The cost of this subcategory includes the initial investigation of activities, procedure development, and distribution of the resulting materials. Supplier qualification assessments – Products cannot have a high quality level unless the supplier parts comprising them have high quality standards. The cost of all employee time spent in reviewing and assessing the output of suppliers must fall into this category. Tool design reviews – If a company uses a number of custom tools to create products, then those tools must be carefully reviewed in terms of their ability to produce parts at minimum specification levels, as well as their ability to do so consistently and with minimal failure rates. The costs of these reviews and any resulting tool revision costs must fall into this category. Warranty reviews – One form of prevention is to closely review all customer warranty claims in order to discern clues regarding what product problems can be prevented at the company before they can reach customers. The cost of this review and any subsequent investigation of possible problems should fall into this subcategory. Appraisal Cost The second category of costs is appraisal costs. These are the costs incurred to measure products, the material components used in products, and the processes used to manufacture products. These activities are designed to reduce the number of defective products shipped to customers. These are different from prevention costs, in that they attempt to improve quality strictly through increased inspection activities. These are also discretionary costs, for a company does not have to use any appraisal activities whatsoever—though eliminating them will increase the number of low quality products shipped to customers. Examples of appraisal costs are as follows: Incoming component testing – If there are particularly troublesome problems with materials received from suppliers, then a company may have initiated an extensive effort to review a large proportion of those materials, which will result in costs not only for testing personnel, but also for any materials that are destroyed during the testing process. Material appraisal – It is common for the quality control staff to remove items from various stages of the production process for testing purposes. If the removed materials are destroyed during testing, then the cost of these materials should be recorded as an appraisal cost. Outsourced laboratory testing – Some of the tests conducted on materials are of such a specialized nature that a company finds it to be more cost-effective to send them to an outside laboratory for review. The fees of such laboratories should be charged to this cost subcategory. Process appraisal – The appraisal process is not confined to materials reviews. It is also necessary to periodically analyze how well the production and supporting processes are functioning; the staff time devoted to this activity should be charged to this cost subcategory. Prototype appraisal – The quality staff can spot problems with new products before they are produced by examining a variety of quality-related issues on prototype products. The cost of testing and destruction of prototypes should be grouped into this cost subcategory. Testing equipment calibration – The testing equipment used by the quality staff must be periodically recalibrated to ensure its accuracy. This task is frequently performed by certified outside calibration services, which makes it easier to identify their fees and charge them to this cost subcategory. Testing equipment – Depending on the kinds of quality tests performed, the types of testing equipment needed can be very expensive. If the cost of this equipment falls below a company’s capitalization limit, then the entire cost can be charged straight to this subcategory. If higher, then the associated deprecation expense should be charged here. Internal Failure Cost The third category of costs is internal failure costs. These are costs incurred as a result of discovering product defects prior to shipment. At that time, products can be taken out of the production or warehouse areas, repaired or scrapped, and placed back in the production process if possible. There are a number of related costs that accompany these activities that make this a very expensive cost category. Examples of internal failure costs are as follows: Correction of related paperwork – When a product failure occurs internally, resulting in rework or scrap, there are a number of resulting paperwork activities. One is that the production scheduling staff must schedule new production to replace the items removed from production. Also, the eliminated items must be reported to the purchasing staff, so that they can order replacement materials. Further, the accounting staff must determine the cost of the scrap or rework and record it in the financial records. The staff time required to complete all of these activities should be recorded here. Lost profit on products sold as seconds – When a company finds that it has products of a sufficiently low quality that they cannot be sold through normal sales channels, it may elect to sell them at a discount, rather than expend extra rework effort to bring them up to a higher quality standard. If so, the loss in profits that occurs when these products are sold at the lower price point should be recorded in this subcategory as a cost or a sales discount. Machinery downtime – When internal product failures are discovered, machinery downtime can be caused for two reasons. One is that the machines are now needed to rework defective product, which keeps them from being used to create new product. Also, the cause of the internal failures may be the machinery, which requires some downtime while they are investigated and repaired. In either case, the cost of the machinery downtime should be charged to this cost subcategory. Redesign – If a product continues to have high quality error rates over time, the problem may not be in the manufacturing process at all, but rather in the underlying product design. If so, the engineering staff will require extra time to develop a new design and test it to ensure that all quality problems have been resolved. The engineering time charged to this work should be summarized into this cost subcategory, as well as the costs of any inventory that will become obsolete as a result of design changes. Re-inspection and testing – Once a product has been reworked, it must be inspected and tested to ensure that it now meets quality specifications, which requires extra staff time. Repurchasing – When products are scrapped, the purchasing staff may need to repurchase the components needed to create replacement products. The cost of the time needed to do this can be recorded separately here, or in the ‘‘corrections to related paperwork’’ subcategory that is noted earlier in this list. Rework – Depending on the extent of product rework required, there may be a separate staff devoted to this activity. If not, then production workers must be drawn from the production line (thereby taking time away from the production of other products) to perform this work. In either case, the cost of their time is charged to this account. There may also be a charge for the use of any machinery required to perform rework tasks. Safety stock – If there is a significant volume of internal product failure, the management team may think it necessary to keep on hand large quantities of extra components to make up the shortfall of components that would otherwise occur due to the scrapping of low-quality products. There is an interest cost associated with the investment in this extra inventory, as well as storage, insurance, and obsolescence costs that can be accumulated into this cost subcategory. Scrap – Some products may be of such a low quality level that they cannot be reworked, and so must be thrown away. However, some of these costs may be recouped by the income from sale of the scrap (if this is possible). For high-cost products, this is a very expensive subcategory of internal failure costs. Supplier claims processing – When internal failure costs are traced to supplier quality problems, a company must not only ship back defective supplier parts, but also process claims against the offending suppliers, so that it will not have to pay for the low-quality parts. This claims processing step can be an administrative headache, and an expensive one where there are many supplier-caused quality problems. External Failure Cost The final category of costs is external failure costs – These are the costs incurred when low-quality products are shipped to customers. This tends to be the most difficult quality cost area to measure, because it is difficult to quantify some customer related costs (as noted in the following bullet points). There is general agreement among quality experts that these costs are the most expensive of all the various cost of-quality categories, for the loss of customers due to low quality can have a catastrophic impact on an organization’s profitability. Examples of external failure costs are as follows: Customer surveys – A company may conduct customer surveys for the sole reason that it needs feedback about the quality of products issued to them. If this is the only reason for creating and operating a survey (as opposed to one that is used by the marketing department for product positioning and pricing purposes), then the cost of the survey can be charged to this account. Customer-imposed penalties – Customers who use a company’s output in their products may have considerable concerns about the quality of incoming components and will reinforce these concerns with their suppliers by charging penalties for poor-quality production. If so, these penalties should certainly be segregated into a separate account, so that management can easily determine their extent. Invoice adjustments – The cost of processing alterations to customer invoices can be very time-consuming, especially when there are a large volume of customer returns, for each transaction tends to be a unique one that requires a great deal of time. If this activity requires a significant amount of time, the associated cost can be stored separately in this account; if not, it may be rolled into the ‘‘Processing customer returns’’ account (as noted later in this list). Loss of customers – This is the potentially largest cost in the external failure cost category. It can be quantified by tracking those customers who are no longer buying from the company, contacting them to determine whether low quality was the reason, and then calculating the lost profit based on sales to those customers in the preceding year. Though the resulting figure will not tie to any cost recorded through a traditional accounting system, the opportunity cost of sales lost should still be itemized in this account, due to its potential size. Loss of reputation – A potentially very large expense is the reduction in a company’s reputation when it continually sells ow-quality products. This is a very difficult cost to calculate or even estimate, so most companies do not use this cost account, preferring instead to simply itemize the potential for this cost in the narrative sections of their quality cost reports. Processing customer returns – Whenever a customer returns a product, the receiving staff must complete special paperwork on it, store it in a special location, have it reviewed by a quality control team, and disposition it in accordance with their instructions, while the accounting staff must process a credit to the customer. The costs of all these activities should be charged to this account. Product recall insurance – If a company has a history of conducting product recalls, it may be necessary to reduce its risk of incurring further recall-related costs by procuring a product recall insurance policy. However, this can be a very expensive policy to obtain, especially if there is a recent recall history. The cost is certainly high enough to place in its own separate account. Product recall – If a company finds that quality problems with a product are sufficiently extensive, it can recall them. There are many costs when this happens, including payment for the inbound freight costs for returned products, the cost of reworking defective products, the cost of issuing replacement products, and the administrative overhead associated with these tasks. This can be an inordinately expensive cost subcategory. Supplier warranty claim processing – When customers return products, there is a good chance that the cause of their complaints is issues with product components that were sold to the company by its suppliers. If so, the company must expend considerable effort in filling out warranty claim forms to send to its suppliers in order to obtain reimbursement for shoddy components. These administrative costs should be charged to this account. Warranty claim administration – When there are many product returns from customers, a company will find it necessary to create a full-time warranty claims department. The cost of the staff for this department, as well as all associated overhead costs, should be charged to this account.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Satire Terms Analysis Essay

â€Å"Her face is smooth, calculated, and precision-made, like an expensive baby-doll, skin like flesh-colored enamel, blend of white and cream and baby blue eyes, small nose, pink little nostrils-everything working together except the color on her lips and fingernails, and the size of her bosom. A mistake was made somehow in manufacturing, putting those big, womanly breasts on what would of otherwise been a perfect work, and you can see how bitter she is about it. Incongruity: Something strangely, shockingly, or ridiculously out of place Analysis: In this passage, after Nurse Ratched enters the room in a typical day on the ward, Chief Bromden’s description of her as perfection is juxtaposed by his actual intention to emphasize her big flaw. Chief Bromden begins this paragraph with the positive side of the nurse. He claims how perfect she looks with her â€Å"smooth, calculated and precision-made† face, comparing her to a â€Å"baby-doll. Chief Bromden is trying to make her look like a goddess without any faultiness in her image. While all these pretty dictions such as the â€Å"baby blue eyes† and the â€Å"small nose† have been used, he begins to point out her defects by inserting the word â€Å"except† and emphasizing miniscule details of her – â€Å"the color [of] her lips, her fingernails and the size of her bosom. † This is very incongruous to her overall appearance of being a perfect human being. Moreover, he says that Nurse Ratched is a â€Å"mistake in manufacturing,† suggesting her machine-like quality and comparing Nurse Ratched to inanimate product made in a factory. Her â€Å"womanly breasts† with all the defects mentioned above reflect another idea. Chief Bromden suggests that â€Å"breasts,† which symbolizes womanhood, as the deformity implying her unfitness to rule over the patients in the ward despite all the other perfect qualities that she has. Throughout the book, Kesey uses this character of Nurse Ratched to suggest how even a perfectly-looking person or in extreme, a dictator is the same human being as the oppressed with humanly defects and how the strong individual idea led him or her to have an authority over the majority of the people. Thus, the author clearly establishes the importance of individuality and nonconformity to suggest how the American government tried to get the people to conform under the unrest especially due to the protest against the involvement in the war.

Four aspects in leadership Essay

Leadership: Leadership is defined as senior executives who support the creation of processes (Hammer, 2007). There are four aspects in leadership including awareness, alignment, behavior, and style. According to Hammer’s PEMM and the analysis of evidence in this case, four perspectives including awareness, alignment, behavior, and style are scored from E-1 to E-4. Awareness: Leadership awareness is defined as the recognition of business process and understanding the value of the process-oriented enterprise for senior management. Bharat Dave, who is vice president of industry sales in Siemens ROLM Communication Incorporation, recognizes that they need a restructuring program to improve profitability and market share in their four disparate companies (P1). Also, ROLM senior management understands that they need to reengineer new processes and guarantee the execution of those new processes based on appropriate information technology (P4). Moreover, ROLM senior management seeks for global strategies through integrating ROLM into Siemens Private Communication Systems (P4). Finally, ROLM senior management seeks to create one company spirit, identity, and culture by establishing and reengineering processes and a new attitude that accepts innovation and continuous improvement (P4). According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, leadership awareness at Siemens ROLM Communication incorporation is at the E-4 level where â€Å"the senior executive team sees its own work in process terms and perceives process management not as a project but as a way of managing the business†. In conclusion, this program involves in one company spirit, identity, culture, and management as a total company plan to establish and sustain world-class performance as recognized by customers, not only as a project. Alignment: The alignment of leadership concerns the coordination between management and  employees in the company. A â€Å"project office† was established to manage ROLM 1 in January 1992 and was made up three senior executives and led by Dave who was vice president of logistics form ROLM (P5). It means that the senior executives are responsible for this project. Also, 60% of the field offices have accepted the new process and tools (P2). Dave reflects that 80% of approximately 6,000 person work force has been impacted by ROLM 1 in the company (P1). However, senior management still has three concerns for this project. Firstly, whether the new processes and tools cannot be refrozen but continue to implement further changes (P2). Secondly, whether senior management continues to measure specified processes or emphasizes more traditional revenue and cost performance measures (P2). Thirdly, senior management should be how to motivate those field offices that is laggards to accept the new process (P2). According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, the alignment of leadership is at the E-3 level where â€Å"there is strong alignment in the senior executive team regarding the process program. There is also a network of people throughout the enterprise helping to promote process efforts†. In conclusion, there is a good alignment in this project between management and employees. Behavior: Leadership behavior is whether management performs their own work as processes and strategies in order to achieve their goals. Karl Geng, who was chief operating officer at ROLM, said that the project had enjoyed relentless support from president and the president fully trusted us (P12). It means that senior management endorses in operational improvement and insures removing roadblocks in order to achieve goals including 30%-50% improvement in cost, quality, and cycle time (P6). Moreover, ten managers from field offices across United States were comprised the ILCPR design team into headquarters (P6). These managers involved in various areas in the company, including sales, service, order administration, pricing, manufacturing and distribution, installation, MIS, and business administration (P6). These managers were brought to focus on three areas in  this project: order fulfillment, inventory, and IS systems (P6). These leadership behaviors from senior management primarily assure that the project can achieve a high performance to improve profitability and market share. According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, leadership behavior is at the E-3 level where â€Å"senior executives operate as a team, manage the enterprise through its processes, and are actively engaged in the process program†. In conclusion, senior management attaches great importance on this reengineering project. Style: Leadership style is a style for leader or senior management. This case does not provide much evident of leadership style for the project at ROLM Communication incorporation. In fact, senior management makes an open and free environment for communication in company, such as making frequent presentations to various audiences including training classes and meetings (P11). In addition, small group interactions also impact employees’ efforts for enterprise innovation (P11). Geng said â€Å"middle management does a lot of filtering that can only be remedied via more communication† (P12). According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, leadership style is at the E-2 level where â€Å"the senior executive team leading the process program is passionate about the need to change and about process as the key tool for change†. In conclusion, the senior management provides a good communication to make more employees to accept the new process. In conclusion, as analyzed each of perspective evidence above, awareness is at E-4 level, alignment is at E-3 level, behavior is at E-3 level, and style is at E-2 level. Consequently, total score of leadership is E-3 level. Culture: According to Hammer (2007), enterprise’s organizational culture must  focus on the teamwork, customer, responsibility and attitude toward change. According to Hammer’s PEMM and the analysis of evidence in this case, four perspectives including teamwork, customer, responsibility, and attitude toward change are scored from E-1 to E-4. Teamwork: ROLM 1 is a project as functional, cross-functional, and field impact projects (P6). There are ten managers brought to establish a professional team to manage three areas for this project into headquarters, including order fulfillment, inventory, and IS systems (P6). This project emphasizes on the customer and install what customers want, when customers want, and no matter what the cost (P7). It shows that ROLM’s employees and customers have an optimal relationship as teamwork. Moreover, Dave and three senior executives established a â€Å"project office† to manage ROLM 1 in January 1992 (P5). As evident showed above, teamwork is commonplace among senior management, field manager, employee, and customer. According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, teamwork is at E-3 level where â€Å"teamwork is the norm among process performers and is commonplace among managers†. In conclusion, the enterprise has a optimal teamwork to focus on the project. Customer Focus: Customer focus is a customer-oriented strategy for a company. Karl Geng said that â€Å" our strength has always been our customer focus† and â€Å" it is easy to implement the project because customer is focused from start to end† (P2). Also, Dataquest and Datapro ranked ROLM as the number one PBX vendor for customer satisfaction (P1). ROLM allows customer a great deal of flexibility for making the installation happen, no matter what the cost (P7). As the case said, the goal of ROLM is to install what the customer wants, when the customer wants, and no matter what the cost (P7). According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, customer focus is at E-3  level where â€Å"employees understand that customers demand uniform excellence and a seamless experience†. In conclusion, the employees of ROLM understand the importance of customer. Responsibility: Responsibility is a duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete a task. In this case, Dave and three senior executives establish a â€Å"project office† to be responsible for the process in three ways: to coordinate the various ROLM 1 activities, to help projects overcome barriers, and to identify cross-functional and cross project opportunities (P5). Senior management has three responsibilities to manage the project. Also, the project office organizes meeting every 4-6 weeks for deciding whether to start a project, to review project status, to redirect priorities and resources, or to create policy decisions by the design team (P5). Moreover, 60% of the field offices have accepted the new processes and tools and most offices and customers agree that this project creates a much better way of doing business (P2). According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, responsibility is at E-3 level where â€Å"employees feel accountable for enterprise results†. In conclusion, the responsibility of senior management makes accountability for employees and customers. Attitude Toward Change: Attitude toward change means that employees are willing to accept the development of project in a company. 60% of the field offices have accepted the new processes and tools (P2). Also, installation personnel feel that design-early is an outstanding innovation and makes easier for them to complete a quality â€Å"on time† installation, as like â€Å"a breath of fresh air† (P8). However, some employees are growing tired of change because they are required to accomplish their goals (P2). Moreover, one key difference for employees’ attitude toward change is whether they see the change to help them to attain a world-class status in the eyes of their customers (P2). According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, attitude toward change is at E-2 level where â€Å"employees are prepared for significant change in how work is performed†. In conclusion, attitude toward change has a huge impact on whether the project succeeds or not for the company. In conclusion, according to the analysis of teamwork, customer focus, responsibility, and attitude toward change from culture, teamwork is at E-3 level, customer focus is at E-3 level, responsibility is at E-3 level, and attitude toward change is at E-2 level. Consequently, the total score of culture is E-3 level. Expertise: Expertise consists of the skill and methodology to redesign the process. People and methodology are the subcategories of expertise (Hammer, 2007). According to Hammer’s PEMM and the analysis of evidence in this case, two aspects including people and methodology are scored from E-1 to E-4. People: Dave, who is vice president of industry sales in ROLM Communication Incorporation, understands that ROLM 1 can improve profitability and market share for company (P1). Ten managers with different skills are brought from field offices across the United States to establish the ILCPR design team (P6). These managers involve in diverse areas of the company, including sales, service, order administration, pricing, manufacturing and distribution, installation, MIS, and business administration (P6). They have their own skills to make a large-scale change and enterprise transformation for the company. Furthermore, Dave and three senior executives create a â€Å"project office† to manage the program (P5). They also have their own skills to make an impact on the process. According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, people is at E-3 level where â€Å"a cadre of experts has skills in large-scale change management and  enterprise transformation†. In conclusion, people with skills are significant for the reengineering process. Methodology: Methodology is the use of one or more methodologies for company to solve problem and improve process. In this case, ROLM implements a new parts distribution methodology that allows the company to cut the field parts inventory by over 60% (P10). Moreover, the senior management of ROLM uses 80/20 rule, as showed in this case â€Å" if a package existed for 80% of the requirements, we would buy it and ROLM would change to make the remaining 20% work† (P10). These two methodologies provide assistance for the company to solve execution problems and improve the fluency of the process. According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, methodology is at E-1 level where â€Å"the enterprise uses one or more methodologies for solving execution problems and making incremental process improvement†. In conclusion, the part of methodology is required to get better for the program. In conclusion, expertise includes two aspects: people and methodology. As analyzed two aspects evidence above, people is at E-3 level and methodology is E-1 level. Consequently, the total of expertise is E-2 level. Governance: According to Hammer (2007), governance is a mechanism that manages complex projects and changes plans. According to Hammer’s PEMM and the analysis of evidence in this case, three aspects including process model, accountability, and integration are scored from E-1 to E-4. Process Model: Process model is process of the same nature that is classified together into a model. Ten managers were brought from field offices across the United  State, then they implement three process models: order fulfillment, inventory, IS systems (P6). The order fulfillment includes two projects: design-early and standard design, both of them result in significant cost savings (P6). Inventory model can reduce inventory at manufacturing locations and in the field (P10). IS system can decrease costs and simplify business processes (P10). These process models have been accepted to implement in the reengineering program and have made business value for the company. However, these process models are not connected to enterprise-level technologies and data architecture and are not extended to customers and suppliers for the company. According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, process model is at E-2 level where â€Å"the enterprise has developed a complete enterprise process model, and the senior executive team has accepted it†. In conclusion, although senior executives accept these process models, it is not linked to enterprise-level technologies or data architectures. E-2 is the best on the evaluation of process model. Accountability: Accountability is the responsibility of performers for enterprise performance. In this case, the reengineering team members as steering committee members set up many presentations for training classes and meeting at headquarters and field offices (P11). These presentations share accountability for the enterprise’s performance. Geng said middle management makes more communication with employees to share accountability during the reengineering time of the program (P12). Geng also said he spent 1/3 of each day on listening and talking (P12). The accountability of senior executives reflects the company emphasizes on this program. According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, accountability is at E-2 level where â€Å"process owners have accountability for individual processes, and a steering committee is responsible for the enterprise’s overall progress with processes†. In conclusion, E-2 level is best at accountability because the company has not established steering committees with customers  and suppliers to drive enterprise process change. Integration: Dave, who is the vice president of logistics, established a â€Å"project office† with three senior executives to manage ROLM 1 (P5). This is a formal program management office to administer the reengineering process. Moreover, ten managers are brought into headquarters from different field offices and they are responsible for three areas: order fulfillment, inventory, and IS systems (P6). These managers allocate most processes improvement techniques and tools and coordinate and integrate all process projects. According to Hammer’s PEMM and case evidence above, integration is at E-3 level because the vice president of logistics establishes a formal program management office and the project office endorses and supports the operational improvement techniques for the enterprise. The company uses an integrated manner to improve all processes techniques. In conclusion, governance is involved in process model, accountability, and integration. As analyzed these three perspectives above, process model is at E-2, accountability is at E-2 level, and integration is at E-3 level. Consequently, the total score of governance is E-2 level.